Relaying system



W. SONNEMANN RELAYING SYSTEM Filed Aug. 18, 1945 July 18, 1950 INVENTOR vI/V/Y//am A. 50m/@mann AToRNEY @T/2%@ QLMML WM Patented July 18, 1950 RELAYING SYSTEM `William K. Sonnemann, Roselle Park, N. J., as-

signor to Westinghouse Electric Corporation, East Pittsburgh, Pa., a corporation of Pennsylvania Application August 18, 1945, Serial No. 611,399

'l Claims.

My invention relates to special phase-sequence relaying systemsfor protecting a 3-phase transmission line against faults, and my invention has special reference to a negative-plus-zero sequence filter-network having distorted current-inputs. The network itself may', or may not, be distorted.

In my application Serial No. 591,079, filed April 30, 1945, I described and claimed a negativesequence filter, or a negative-plus-zero sequence filter, which was distorted, or out of adjustment, with the result that it responded slightly to the positive-sequence current-component, but not as sensitively or strongly as the negative-sequence response. When such a system is utilized to energize protective relays for protecting a 3-phase line against faults, the small positive-sequence response made it possible to utilize the negativesequence response in order to obtain a desired sensitivity to phase-to-phase fault-conditions, without losing all sensitivity to 3-phase faults, which have no negative-sequence component.

It is an object of my present invention to accomplish somewhat similar results in a different way. More specifically, it is an object of my invention to provide a sequence-filter system in which means are provided for introducing a predetermined artificial distortion in the ycurrents which are delivered to the filter.

With the foregoing and other objects in view, my invention consists in the systems, combinations, apparatus, parts and methods hereinafter described and claimed, and illustrated in the accompanying drawing, wherein the three figures are diagrammatic views of circuits and apparatus, illustrating my invention in three different illustrative forms of embodiment.

In Figure l, I have shown one of the preferred forms of embodiment of my invention, in which the line-currents Ia, Ib. I@ of a 3-phase transmission line a., b, c are at all times derived by means of star-connected current-transformers CT, which also have a return-current connection for the neutral current 31o, as shown. These linecurrents Is, Ib and Ic are supplied to a sequencenetwork which will be subsequently described, but before being supplied to the network, these line-currents are at all times artificially distorted in any way. There are many different ways of distorting these line-currents, and the particular distorting-means which I have shown in Fig. l are intended to be broadly representative or symbolic of any current-distortingmeans. y

In Fig. l, the current-distorting means are in lthe form of auxiliary current-transformers T, having two'primary windings 4 and 5, which are traversed by Ib and -Ic, respectively, and an adjustable-turn-number secondary winding 6 which produces a current N (Ib-Je) in the transformer secondary terminals 'l and 8. This secondary output can be applied to any portion of the input-circuit into the lter, or into any portionv of the lter itself. In Fig. l, the output of the distorting transformer T is applied to the phase-B and phase-C input-circuits of the network, so that the network is supplied with the currents Ia, Ib+NUirfcL and Ic-NUb-Ic), instead of being supplied with the undistorted currents Ia, Ib and Ic. V

The phase-sequence filter-network which receives these distorted currents may be any kind of phase-sequence current-filter, either positive or negative sequence, or positive-plus-zero or negative-plus-zero sequence, either Vdistorted or undistorted. For protective relaying purposes, it is generally preferable to utilize an undistorted negative-plus-zero sequence-filter, similar to the positive-plus-zero sequence-filter which has been so successfully utilized in pilot-line and carriercurrent relays known as the Type HCB and Type HKB systems, respectively, and described in the Harder Patent 2,183,646, the only difference being that two of the filter inputleads are reversed, so that the iilter becomes a negative-plus-zero sequence-iilter instead of a positive-plus-zero sequence-filter. In this iilter, the sensitivity of the zero-sequence response can be adjusted v or weighted by adjustments in the filter-setting, or the lter can be adjusted to respond to pure positive-sequence currents, or negative-sequence,- currents, depending upon the phase-rotation, without any response to the other two components of the input-currents. By an undistorted negative-sequence filter-network, or negativeplus-zero sequence filter-network, I mean a network which does not 4develop'any output-voltage in response to the positive-sequence component which is present in the currents which are fed into the network.

While I am not limited, therefore, to any particular kind of sequence-network in Fig. 1, I have illustrated a preferred kind of network, which consists of an undistorted negative-'sequence lter, which is marked with the legend I2 filter, and which consists of a resistor R which is traversed by the input-current Ia, and a 3-winding mutual reactance M, having two primary windings II and l2, which are respectively traversed by the input-currents Ib-}-N(Ib-I), and -I+N(Ib-Ic). The mutual reactance M also has a secondary winding I3 having a reactance jR/\/ With respect to either primary Winding. One terminal of the mutual-reactance secondary I 3 is connected to the network-terminal I4, while the other secondary terminal is connected to the input-terminal I 5 of the phase-A resistor R. The two primary windings I I and I2 of the mutual reactance `M are vconnected to a :star-point I6 Whichis connected to the other terminal ofthe phase-A resistor R.

In addition to the negative-sequence iilter I2, f

which has just been described, I prefer to vvprovide an adjustable resistor Ro, which is connected between the star-point I6 and the second terminal I'I of the filter-network, the resistor R0 being tapped at adjustable points to provide a i return-circuit for the neutral current 3Ic. The adjustable resistor Ro provides :an vadjnstably Weighted zero-sequence response, as explained in the Harder patent. At'the same time, the net- Workr is arranged so that the adjustable tap on the Rn resistor can be moved over to the 'Rv/'3 pointon the yphase-A resistor, Aso as to provide a pureA negative-sequence response, vwithout any zero-sequence response, `as described in the Harder patent.

l The output of the lter-network, produced in the network-terminals I4, I1, is a single-phase ifilter-voltage Vr, which may be applied to any relayor relays, symbolically indicated at RF.

l In Fig. 1, the eiect of mydstorting means T, ,'for'introducing apredetermined distortionl in the currents which are fed into the negative-sequence iilter I2, is to artiiiciallymanufacture a negative- ',sequence current-component, so that the negative-sequence lter I2 will respond, even though lphlase current which is introduced. By rotationalf ...senuencecomponents I mean the positive andthe negative .phase-sequence components, each of fwhichfconsists of currents. in each phase, havving a symmetrical or 120 phase-relation with feach.other,-withthephases rotating in the posi- -tive vand 4negative directions, respectively. By

thus manufacturing a negative-sequence component, even when no negative-sequence component is present in the actual line-currents, I ob- .tain a relay-network which has a certain respon- A4siveness or sensitivity to 43-phase faults on the line.

lAs ypreviously noted, vany distorting-means ...might be utilized, for introducing any distorting currents into any of the iilter-impedances R, M DDRO.

'In' Fig. 2, I have shown an alternative means for distorting the input-currents to the filter, Yutilizing three auxiliary current-transformers NnNz and N3, having separately vadjustable ray il ."ttios Whichare indicated bythe same symbols N1, y,lyzoagndN3. 'The primary windings of these three 'auxiliary current-transformers N1, Nzand N3 are Aconnected in star, and are `energized Vby the re- .spective line-.Currents Ia, 'Ib and Ic, the vstarpoint being connected to the lter-star-point I6,

.-so .as to deliver the neutral current 31o to the Vauxiliary filter-resistance Ro. The secondary windings of these Ithreeauxiliary current-transf' :former-s areconnectedin delta, Vin Eig. 2, so

to deliver the three distorted delta-currents Ix, Ir and Iz to the filter-network terminals, Where :If the-transformationeratios N1',- Nz and N3 are not all identical, in Figi.2`, an articial or manufactured current-distortion is thus introduced, providing an artificial negative-sequence current-component even though the line-currents are'balanced positive-sequence currents, as in the caseof a 43-phase fault.

InFig, 3,'the-distorting means is in the form of three adjustable-ratio star-star-connected auxiliary current-transformers Na, Nb and Nc, in

which .theprimary windings are star-connected,

and are traversed by the line-currents Ia, Ib and Ia'respectively. The secondary windings of the auxiliary current-transformers Na, Nb and Nc are also star-connected, and they are utilized vto supply the *auxiliaryy star-phase currents "Ix, I, yand `Iz lto the phase-terminals of the filter-netlwork,Wl1ere .v v l Iy-'f-Nbfb vexamples of countless variationsof the distortinglmeans which might be utilized for artificially distorting the ,input-currents of the filter-net- ',work. ,An illustrative example of the manner in which the distorting iniiuence can be mathematically calculated will now be given, for the system Yshown in Fig.v 1, with the understanding that lsimilar calculations can be made vfor the systems shown in Figs. 2 and 3, or for any other distortedcurrent system lWhich might be devised` jIn L the filter-voltage is Substituting rthe sequence-component expressionsfor Ib and Ic, y

L2`NR x/- azlal +ala2+ currents Ia, Ib, Ic, but by a diierent and readily 'controllable response-ratio to each phase-se- -.quence component.

For a B-.phase-fault, Ia2=Iao==0; and making this substitutionin Equation 3, We nd that the fault-current necessary to obtain a predetermined lter-response- VF is BQI l 8,022

vr'For a phase-BC fault, In=-I.1, and I.p=0; and making ythese substitutions in Equation 3, we find: that the fault-current necessary to 'obtain a predetermined filter-response Vr is Vn/' 2`R(1'+' 2N) (5) For a phase-BC fault, In=l.1-60, and Io=; and making these substitutions in Equation 3, we find that the fault-current necessary to obtain a predetermined lter response' Vr is me I I I 1l/3 -zNRz 1SO+2R(1+N) 60 we find that the fault-current necessry to obtaina predetermined illter-response Vr is -For a phase-AG faul-t, I.1=In=I.o; and Equation 3 yields For a phase-CG fault, niIeM-IZO", and

lao=I1 120; and Equationz yields ,by' tabulatmg the ramt-current'r from 'each of phase fault as the basis of comparison, according to the formulas,

For example if the relay Rr is set to respond when the filter-voltage Vr=0.8 volt, and if the filter-resistance R=0.l ohm, the auxiliary lterresistance Rn=1.6 ohms, and the distorting-transformer ratio N=+0.5, the relay will be sensitive to a 3phase fault-current of 8 amperes, a phaseto-phase fault-current of either 3.46 or 5.24 amperes, depending upon which phases are faulted, and a phase-to-phase ground-fault current of either 0.47 ampere or 0.50 ampere, depending upon Which phase is grounded. The sensitivity to two-phase-to-ground faults has not been indicated,- because this depends upon the particular transmission-line constants, but, in general, this sensitivity will be between that for phase-to-phase faults and phase to ground faults, depending upon the relative magnitude of the zero-sequence component, compared with the other two components.

While I have specically illustrated my invention in a relaying system utilizing a negative-sequence lter, or a negative-plus-zero phase-sequence lter, a simple reversal of two of the terminals will convert the lter to a positive-sequence lter, or a positive-plus-zero phase-sequence lter, the tapped-point at R/3 being utilized for the pure rotational-sequence response, either positive or negative sequence, while the tapped-points on the auxiliary resistor Ro are utilized when a suitably weighted zero-sequence response is to vbe added. My invention is applieable in any of these cases.

Although I have specically illustrated myinvention as utilizing a phase-sequence currentlter, responding to the 3phase line-currents, the invention is also applicable to voltage-filters which are responsive to the 3phase line-voltages,

leither star or delta. In general, therefore, my in- 7 f venton'iis `applicable to a distorted-input .phase-j.. sequence means for responding to a set of'any 3- phaseelectrioal quantities ofthe line, Whether voltages, currents, vor` any vother electrical quantitieslmn. v 1f-Furthermore, While l have given a specific eX- ample of a filter in which the rotational-sequence partof it isresponsive to only one of the rotational?` phase-sequence components, either positiveonnegative, with substantially no response to the yother rotational-sequence component, I Wish. it to be understood that this portion of the network might itself be distorted, as set forth in my copending application vSerial No. 591,079, in addition to utilizinguthe distorting-means for the inlput-currents'of` tl'e network. If the network were distorted, the mutual-reactance impedance would have some value oth'crthan jR/\/3.

Furthermore, while I have illustrated a specific form of current-filter, utilizing a pure resistance R Iand a mutual'reactance M, it is obviously possible to utilize, in general, a sequence-network having a plurality of impedances having a plurality' of' diierent impedance-'angles and maghi'- tudes; and Acir -:uit-means for vectorially adding a Nplurality ofimpedance-drops of saidfilterfto produce the filter output-voltage VF.

,A'With the foregoing and other considerations4 in mind l desire, therefore, that the appended claims shallioe accorded the broadest constructioncons istent with their language.

AI claimasA my invention: u 'c 11. In combination, a three-phase sequence@- =filter adapted toy receive a set Vof vthree-phase electrijcal quantities Fand to develop therefrom at least one single-phase filter-voltage having arpredeterminedly selective phase-sequence relation to .the 'received quantities, means for at alltimes deriving a'set of three-phase electrical quantities from a three-phase line, means for at all times deriving ai'disto'rting-component of said derived setof'three-phase electrical quantities, and electric-circuit means for utilizing both said derived yset'of three-phase electric quantities and said 'deriveddistorting-component in energizing said sequence filter. "2.:Sequence-rr'ieans for vpredeterminedly responding to a three-phase electrical quantity of 'a fthre'e-phase line', comprising means 'for `at all times deriving a'predeterminedly artificially distortedthree-plriase electrical quantity fromsaid 4line-quantity,"and a phase-sequence iilter ener- -"gized'from said' distorted derived quantity, said llter producing'an output-voltage having aprefdeterm'inedly selective phase-sequence relation to the impressed quantity. f v i v3; 'A relaying system for selectively responding toa lthree-phase electrical quantity-of a threep'liasefline, comprising a filter adapted to receive a set' of three-phase electrical quantities 'and vto derive therefrom a quantity having substantially no' response vto one ofthe rotating sequence com- "pon'ents of the impressed quantities, means for at all times deriving a predeterminedly artificially 'distorted three-phase electrical quantity from the aforesaid electrical quantity of the line, circuit- '.m'eans for applying said derived distorted'quantity to said filter, and relaying-circuit meansV energized from said filter. i

1' A relaying system for selectively responding toa'three-phase electrical quantity of a three- -phase line, comprising a filter having a plurality of impedances having a plurality of different imlpedance-angles andmagnitudes, means for at all times .deriving a set of three-phase electrical- 'Number quantitefiromfa-thriehase :liner ,means fop-.at all ltimes `deriving av distorting-component ,oir said said derived component to a plurality of impedances of said-filter, and output circuit-means serially includingfin effect a plurality of impedances ofsaid filter.. f

.5.- l1A' protective -4relaying-systerrl for responding tin-,predetermined conditions on a threephase line,- cornprisingmeansfor at-,all times deriving the three-phase line-currents for relaying purposes, means folja't all times predeterminedly distorting said'relaying' currents, filter-means for receiving said distorted three-phase currents and for responding 'to-.thesame insuch manner as to have substantially' no response to a selected rotational phase-sequence of -the received currents, and a-protective relay-meansreceiving energization from-the output of said lter-means.

6. A protectiverelaying-system for responding to predeterrnined:conditionst on a three-phase line, comprising a n negative-plus-zero-phasesequence filter of a typeadapted to receive a three-phase current and to derive a single-phase voltage 4,url'iiclqris responsive to -the*negative-seqii'i'ipel component yof the impressed three-phase currefntj'f'plusl a predeterminedly kWeighted greresponse tothe zero-sequence component thereof, with substantially no response 'to' the positivesequence component thereof, means for at all times deriving the three-phase line-currents for relaying-purposes, meansi'or'at all times deriving .a distorting-'component of said derived relaying serially; including, in effect, a plurality of impedances of the filter to produce the filter-output- -voltage, the filter-impedances to which said threephase relaying lcurrents are applied being such las :to substantially, eliminate anyoutput-,response to the positive-seqnenceiooinpo'nent ofsaid threephase relaying currents, circuit-I'neans for additionally impressing said distorting-component on less than" all of 'the 'iii-iped'ancesfof the filter', and

aprotective 'relay-means receiving energization from the output of said filter-means.

K. SONNEMANN.

i* A nEFEnENCEs errno l Thelfollowing referencesare of record .in-the file of this patent;

'UNITED "STATES A'IENS 

